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2004 WV Law on Planning

The law previously in effect is here. There are too many changes to show the changes from that law. Some notes are here.

ENGROSSED* COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE FOR COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE FOR

Senate Bill No. 454

(By Senators Bowman, Minard, Kessler, McCabe, Rowe, Snyder, Minear and McKenzie)

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[Originating in the Committee on the Judiciary; reported March 1, 2004.]

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A BILL to repeal §8-24-1, §8-24-2, §8-24-3, §8-24-4, §8-24-5, §8-24-6, §8-24-7, §8-24-8, §8-24-9, §8-24-10, §8-24-11, §8-24-12, §8-24-13, §8-24-14, §8-24-15, §8-24-16, §8-24-17, §8-24-18, §8-24-19, §8-24-20, §8-24-21, §8-24-22, §8-24-23, §8-24-24, §8-24-25, §8-24-26, §8-24-27, §8-24-28, §8-24-29, §8-24-30, §8-24-31, §8-24-32, §8-24-33, §8-24-34, §8-24-35, §8-24-36, §8-24-37, §8-24-38, §8-24-39, §8-24-40, §8-24-41, §8-24-42, §8-24-43, §8-24-44, §8-24-45, §8-24-46, §8-24-47, §8-24-48, §8-24-49, §8-24-50, §8-24-50a, §8-24-50b, §8-24-51, §8-24-52, §8-24-53, §8-24-54, §8-24-55, §8-24-56, §8-24-57, §8-24-58, §8-24-59, §8-24-60, §8-24-61, §8-24-62, §8-24-63, §8-24-64, §8-24-65, §8-24-66, §8-24-67, §8-24-68, §8-24-69, §8-24-70, §8-24-71, §8-24-72, §8-24-73, §8-24-73a, §8-24-73b, §8-24-73c, §8-24-73d, §8-24-74, §8-24-74a, §8-24-74b, §8-24-74c, §8-24-75, §8-24-76, §8-24-77, §8-24-78, §8-24-79, §8-24-80, §8-24-81, §8-24-82, §8-24-83, §8-24-84 and §8-24-85 of the code of West Virginia, 1931, as amended; and to amend said code by adding thereto a new chapter, designated §8A-1-1, §8A-1-2, §8A-2-1, §8A-2-2, §8A-2-3, §8A-2-4, §8A-2-5, §8A-2-6, §8A-2-7, §8A-2-8, §8A-2-9, §8A-2-10, §8A-2-11, §8A-3-1, §8A-3-2, §8A-3-3, §8A-3-4, §8A-3-5, §8A-3-6, §8A-3-7, §8A-3-8, §8A-3-9, §8A-3-10, §8A-3-11, §8A-3-12, §8A-3-13, §8A-3-14, §8A-4-1, §8A-4-2, §8A-4-3, §8A-4-4, §8A-4-5, §8A-4-6, §8A-4-7, §8A-5-1, §8A-5-2, §8A-5-3, §8A-5-4, §8A-5-5, §8A-5-6, §8A-5-7, §8A-5-8, §8A-5-9, §8A-5-10, §8A-5-11, §8A-5-12, §8A-6-1, §8A-6-2, §8A-6-3, §8A-7-1, §8A-7-2, §8A-7-3, §8A-7-4, §8A-7-5, §8A-7-6, §8A-7-7, §8A-7-8, §8A-7-9, §8A-7-10, §8A-7-11, §8A-7-12, §8A-7-13, §8A-8-1, §8A-8-2, §8A-8-3, §8A-8-4, §8A-8-5, §8A-8-6, §8A-8-7, §8A-8-8, §8A-8-9, §8A-8-10, §8A-8-11, §8A-8-12, §8A-9-1, §8A-9-2, §8A-9-3, §8A-9-4, §8A-9-5, §8A-9-6, §8A-9-7, §8A-10-1, §8A-10-2, §8A-10-3, §8A-10-4, §8A-10-5, §8A-11-1, §8A-11-2, §8A-12-1, §8A-12-2, §8A-12-3, §8A-12-4, §8A-12-5, §8A-12-6, §8A-12-7, §8A-12-8, §8A-12-9, §8A-12-10, §8A-12-11, §8A-12-12, §8A-12-13, §8A-12-14, §8A-12-15, §8A-12-16, §8A-12-17, §8A-12-18, §8A-12-19, §8A-12-20 and §8A-12-21, all relating to land-use planning; planning commissions; comprehensive plan; subdivision and land development ordinance; subdivision or land development plan and plat; improvement location permit; zoning; board of zoning appeals; appeal process; enforcement; penalties; special provisions; and voluntary farmland protection program.

Be it enacted by the Legislature of West Virginia:

That §8-24-1, §8-24-2, §8-24-3, §8-24-4, §8-24-5, §8-24-6, §8-24-7, §8-24-8, §8-24-9, §8-24-10, §8-24-11, §8-24-12, §8-24-13, §8-24-14, §8-24-15, §8-24-16, §8-24-17, §8-24-18, §8-24-19, §8-24-20, §8-24-21, §8-24-22, §8-24-23, §8-24-24, §8-24-25, §8-24-26, §8-24-27, §8-24-28, §8-24-29, §8-24-30, §8-24-31, §8-24-32, §8-24-33, §8-24-34, §8-24-35, §8-24-36, §8-24-37, §8-24-38, §8-24-39, §8-24-40, §8-24-41, §8-24-42, §8-24-43, §8-24-44, §8-24-45, §8-24-46, §8-24-47, §8-24-48, §8-24-49, §8-24-50, §8-24-50a, §8-24-50b, §8-24-51, §8-24-52, §8-24-53, §8-24-54, §8-24-55, §8-24-56, §8-24-57, §8-24-58, §8-24-59, §8-24-60, §8-24-61, §8-24-62, §8-24-63, §8-24-64, §8-24-65, §8-24-66, §8-24-67, §8-24-68, §8-24-69, §8-24-70, §8-24-71, §8-24-72, §8-24-73, §8-24-73a, §8-24-73b, §8-24-73c, §8-24-73d, §8-24-74, §8-24-74a, §8-24-74b, §8-24-74c, §8-24-75, §8-24-76, §8-24-77, §8-24-78, §8-24-79, §8-24-80, §8-24-81, §8-24-82, §8-24-83, §8-24-84 and §8-24-85 of the code of West Virginia, 1931, as amended, be repealed; and that said code be amended by adding thereto a new chapter, designated §8A-1-1, §8A-1-2, §8A-2-1, §8A-2-2, §8A-2-3, §8A-2-4, §8A-2-5, §8A-2-6, §8A-2-7, §8A-2-8, §8A-2-9, §8A-2-10, §8A-2-11, §8A-3-1, §8A-3-2, §8A-3-3, §8A-3-4, §8A-3-5, §8A-3-6, §8A-3-7, §8A-3-8, §8A-3-9, §8A-3-10, §8A-3-11, §8A-3-12, §8A-3-13, §8A-3-14, §8A-4-1, §8A-4-2, §8A-4-3, §8A-4-4, §8A-4-5, §8A-4-6, §8A-4-7, §8A-5-1, §8A-5-2, §8A-5-3, §8A-5-4, §8A-5-5, §8A-5-6, §8A-5-7, §8A-5-8, §8A-5-9, §8A-5-10, §8A-5-11, §8A-5-12, §8A-6-1, §8A-6-2, §8A-6-3, §8A-7-1, §8A-7-2, §8A-7-3, §8A-7-4, §8A-7-5, §8A-7-6, §8A-7-7, §8A-7-8, §8A-7-9, §8A-7-10, §8A-7-11, §8A-7-12, §8A-7-13, §8A-8-1, §8A-8-2, §8A-8-3, §8A-8-4, §8A-8-5, §8A-8-6, §8A-8-7, §8A-8-8, §8A-8-9, §8A-8-10, §8A-8-11, §8A-8-12, §8A-9-1, §8A-9-2, §8A-9-3, §8A-9-4, §8A-9-5, §8A-9-6, §8A-9-7, §8A-10-1, §8A-10-2, §8A-10-3, §8A-10-4, §8A-10-5, §8A-11-1, §8A-11-2, §8A-12-1, §8A-12-2, §8A-12-3, §8A-12-4, §8A-12-5, §8A-12-6, §8A-12-7, §8A-12-8, §8A-12-9, §8A-12-10, §8A-12-11, §8A-12-12, §8A-12-13, §8A-12-14, §8A-12-15, §8A-12-16, §8A-12-17, §8A-12-18, §8A-12-19, §8A-12-20 and §8A-12-21, all to read as follows:

CHAPTER 8A. LAND USE PLANNING.

ARTICLE 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS.

§8A-1-1. Legislative findings.

(a) The Legislature finds, as the object of this chapter, the following:

(1) That planning land development and land use is vitally important to a community;

(2) A planning commission is helpful to a community to plan for land development, land use and the future;

(3) A plan and a vision for the future is important when deciding uses for and development of land;

(4) That sprawl is not advantageous to a community;

(5) A comprehensive plan is a guide to a community's goals and objectives and a way to meet those goals and objectives;

(6) That the needs of agriculture, residential areas, industry and business be recognized in future growth;

(7) That the growth of the community is commensurate with and promotive of the efficient and economical use of public funds;

(8) Promoting growth that is economically sound, environmentally friendly and supportive of community livability to enhance quality of life is a good objective for a governing body; and

(9) Governing bodies of municipalities and counties need flexibility when authorizing land development and use.

(b) Therefore, the Legislature encourages and recommends the following:

(1) The goal of a governing body should be to have a plan and a vision for the future, and an agency to oversee it;

(2) A governing body should have a planning commission, to serve in an advisory capacity to the governing body, and promote the orderly development of its community;

(3) A comprehensive plan should be the basis for land development and use, and be reviewed and updated on a regular basis;

(4) A goal of a governing body should be to reduce sprawl;

(5) That planning commissions prepare a comprehensive plan and governing bodies adopt the comprehensive plans;

(6) Governing bodies, units of government and planning commissions work together to provide for a better community;

(7) Governing bodies may have certain regulatory powers over developments affecting the public welfare; and

(8) Based upon a comprehensive plan, governing bodies may: (A) Enact a subdivision and land development ordinance;

(B) Require plans and plats for land development;

(D) Enact a zoning ordinance.

§8A-1-2. Definitions.

As used in this chapter, the following words and terms have the following meanings, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise:

(a) "Abandonment" means the relinquishment of property or a cessation of the use of the property by the owner or lessee without any intention of transferring rights to the property to another owner or of resuming the nonconforming use of the property for a period of one year.

(b) "Aggrieved" or "aggrieved person" means a person who:

(1) Is denied by the planning commission, board of subdivision and land development appeals, or the board of zoning appeals, in whole or in part, the relief sought in any application or appeal; or

(2) Has demonstrated that he or she will suffer a peculiar injury, prejudice or inconvenience beyond that which other residents of the county or municipality may suffer.

(c) "Comprehensive plan" means a plan for physical development, including land use, adopted by a governing body, setting forth guidelines, goals and objectives for all activities that affect growth and development in the governing body's jurisdiction.

(d) "Conditional use" means a use which because of special requirements or characteristics may be permitted in a particular zoning district only after review by the board of zoning appeals and upon issuance of a conditional use permit, and subject to the limitations and conditions specified in the zoning ordinance.

(e) "Contiguous" means lots, parcels, municipal boundaries or county boundaries that are next to, abutting and having a boundary, or portion thereof, that is coterminous. Streets, highways, roads or other traffic or utility easements, streams, rivers, and other natural topography are not to be used to determine lots, parcels, municipal boundaries or county boundaries as contiguous.

(f) "Essential utilities and equipment" means underground or overhead electrical, gas, communications not regulated by the federal communications commission, water and sewage systems, including pole structures, towers, wires, lines, mains, drains, sewers, conduits, cables, fire alarm boxes, public telephone structures, police call boxes, traffic signals, hydrants, regulating and measuring devices and the structures in which they are housed, and other similar equipment accessories in connection therewith. Essential utility equipment is recognized in three categories:

(1) Local serving;

(2) Nonlocal or transmission through the county or municipality; and

(3) Water and sewer systems, the activities of which are regulated, in whole or in part, by one or more of the following state agencies:

(A) Public service commission;

(B) Department of environmental protection; or

(g) "Existing use" means use of land, buildings or activity permitted or in existence prior to the adoption of a zoning map or ordinances by the county or municipality. If the use is nonconforming to local ordinance and lawfully existed prior to the adoption of the ordinance, the use may continue to exist as a nonconforming use until abandoned for a period of one year: Provided, That in the case of natural resources, the absence of natural resources extraction or harvesting is not abandonment of the use.

(h) "Exterior architectural features" means the architectural character and general composition of the exterior of a structure, including, but not limited to, the kind, color and texture of the building material, and the type, design and character of all windows, doors, massing and rhythm, light fixtures, signs, other appurtenant elements and natural features when they are integral to the significance of the site, all of which are subject to public view from a public street, way or place.

(i) "Factory-built homes" means modular and manufactured homes.

(j) "Flood-prone area" means any land area susceptible to repeated inundation by water from any source.

(k) "Governing body" means the body that governs a municipality or county.

(l) "Historic district" means a geographically definable area, designated as historic on a national, state or local register, possessing a significant concentration, linkage or continuity of sites, buildings, structures or objects united historically or aesthetically by plan or physical development.

(m) "Historic landmark" means a site, building, structure or object designated as historic on a national, state or local register.

(n) "Historic site" means the location of a significant event, a prehistoric or historic occupation or activity, or a building or structure whether standing, ruined or vanished, where the location itself possesses historical, cultural or archaeological value regardless of the value of any existing structure and designated as historic on a national, state or local register.

(o) "Improvement location permit" means a permit issued by a municipality or county, in accordance with its subdivision and land development ordinance, for the construction, erection, installation, placement, rehabilitation or renovation of a structure or development of land, and for the purpose of regulating development within flood-prone areas.

(p) "Infill development" means to fill in vacant or underused land in existing communities with new development that blends in with its surroundings.

(q) "Land development" means the development of one or more lots, tracts or parcels of land by any means and for any purpose, but does not include easements, rights-of-way or construction of private roads for extraction, harvesting or transporting of natural resources.

(r) "Manufactured home" means housing built in a factory according to the federal manufactured home construction and safety standards effective the fifteenth day of June, one thousand nine hundred seventy-six.

(s) "Modular home" means housing built in a factory that meets state or local building codes where the homes will be sited. (t) "Non-traditional zoning ordinance" means an ordinance that sets forth development standards and approval processes for land uses within the jurisdiction, but does not necessarily divide the jurisdiction into distinct zoning classifications or districts requiring strict separation of different uses, and does not require a zoning map amendment.

(u) "Permitted use" means any use allowed within a zoning district, subject to the restrictions applicable to that zoning district and is not a conditional use.

(v) "Plan" means a written description for the development of land.

(w) "Planning commission" means a municipal planning commission, a county planning commission, a multicounty planning commission, a regional planning commission or a joint planning commission.

(x) "Plat" means a map of the land development.

(y) "Preferred development area" means a geographically defined area where incentives may be used to encourage development, infill development or redevelopment in order to promote well designed and coordinated communities.

(z) "Public place" means any lots, tracts or parcels of land, structures, buildings or parts thereof owned or leased by a governing body or unit of government.

(aa) "Sprawl" means poorly planned or uncontrolled growth, usually of a low-density nature, within previously rural areas, that is land consumptive, auto-dependent, designed without respect to its surroundings, and some distance from existing development and infrastructure.

(bb) "Streets" means streets, avenues, boulevards, highways, roads, lanes, alleys and all public ways.

(cc) "Subdivision or partition" means the division of a lot, tract or parcel of land into two or more lots, tracts or parcels of land, or the recombination of existing lots, tracts, or parcels.

(dd) "Unit of government" means any federal, state, regional, county or municipal government or governmental agency.

(ee) "Urban area" means all lands or lots within the jurisdiction of a municipal planning commission.

(ff) "Utility" means a public or private distribution service to the public that is regulated by the public service commission.

(gg) "Zoning" means the division of a municipality or county into districts or zones which specify permitted and conditional uses and development standards for real property within the districts or zones.

(hh) "Zoning map" means a map that geographically illustrates all zoning district boundaries within a municipality or county, as described within the zoning ordinance, and which is certified as the official zoning map for the municipality or county.

ARTICLE 2. PLANNING COMMISSIONS.

§8A-2-1. Planning commissions authorized.

(a) A governing body of a municipality or county may, by ordinance, create a planning commission to promote the orderly development of its jurisdiction.

(b) Governing bodies may, by ordinance, create a multicounty planning commission, a regional planning commission or a joint planning commission to promote the orderly development of land and reduce duplication of effort.

(c) The planning commission shall serve in an advisory capacity to the governing body or governing bodies that created it and have certain regulatory powers over land planning.

(d) Governing bodies and planning commissions are authorized to carry out the objectives and overall purposes of this chapter.

(e) A planning commission has only those powers, duties and jurisdiction as given to it in the ordinance creating it.

§8A-2-2. Continuation of established planning commissions.

(a) A planning commission established prior to the effective date of this chapter shall continue to operate as though established under the terms of this chapter. All actions lawfully taken under prior acts are hereby validated and continued in effect until amended or repealed by action taken under the authority of this chapter.

(b) The membership of an existing planning commission shall continue unchanged until the first regular meeting, after the enactment of this chapter, of the governing body that established the planning commission. At that time, any appointments or changes necessary shall be made to bring the membership of the existing planning commission into conformity with the provisions of this chapter.

§8A-2-3. Municipal planning commission.

(a) A municipal planning commission shall have not less than five nor more than fifteen members, the exact number to be specified in the ordinance creating the planning commission.

(b) The members of a municipal planning commission must be:

(1) Residents of the municipality; and

(2) Qualified by knowledge and experience in matters pertaining to the development of the municipality.

(c) At least three fifths of all of the members must have been residents of the municipality for at least three years prior to nomination or appointment and confirmation.

(d) The members of a municipal planning commission must fairly represent different areas of interest, knowledge and expertise, including, but not limited to, business, industry, labor, government and other relevant disciplines. One member must be a member of the municipal governing body or a designee and one member must be a member of the administrative department of the municipality or a designee. The term of membership for these two members is the same as their term of office.

(e) The remaining members of the municipal planning commission first selected shall serve respectively for terms of one year, two years and three years, divided equally or as nearly equally as possible between these terms. Thereafter, members shall serve three-year terms. Vacancies shall be filled for the unexpired term and made in the same manner as original selections were made.

(f) The members of a municipal planning commission shall serve without compensation, but shall be reimbursed for all reasonable and necessary expenses actually incurred in the performance of their official duties.

(g) Nominations for municipal planning commission membership

shall be made by the administrative authority and confirmed by the governing body when the administrative authority and the governing body are separate, or appointed and confirmed by the governing body where the administrative authority and governing body are the same.

(h) An individual may serve as a member of a municipal planning commission, a county planning commission, a multicounty planning commission, a regional planning commission or a joint planning commission, at the same time.

(i) The governing body of the municipality may establish procedures for the removal of members of the planning commission for inactivity, neglect of duty or malfeasance. The procedures must contain provisions requiring that the person to be removed be provided with a written statement of the reasons for removal and an opportunity to be heard on the matter.

§8A-2-4. County planning commission.

(a) A county planning commission shall have not less than five nor more than fifteen members, the exact number to be specified in the ordinance creating the planning commission.

(b) The members of a county planning commission must be:

(1) Residents of the county; and

(2) Qualified by knowledge and experience in matters pertaining to the development of the county.

(c) At least three fifths of all of the members must have been residents of the county for at least three years prior to appointment and confirmation by the county commission.

(d) The members of a county planning commission must fairly represent different areas of interest, knowledge and expertise, including, but not limited to, business, industry, labor, farming, government and other relevant disciplines. One member must be a member of the county commission or a designee. The term of membership for this member is the same as the term of office.

(e) The remaining members of the county planning commission first selected shall serve respectively for terms of one year, two years and three years, divided equally or as nearly equally as possible between these terms. Thereafter, members shall serve three-year terms. Vacancies shall be filled for the unexpired term and made in the same manner as original selections were made.

(f) The members of a county planning commission shall serve without compensation, but shall be reimbursed for all reasonable and necessary expenses actually incurred in the performance of their official duties.

(g) Appointments for county planning commission membership shall be made and confirmed by the county commission.

(i) The county commission may establish procedures for the removal of members of the planning commission for inactivity, neglect of duty or malfeasance. The procedures must contain provisions requiring that the person to be removed be provided with a written statement of the reasons for removal and an opportunity to be heard on the matter.

§8A-2-5. Multicounty planning commission, regional planning commission or joint planning commission.

(a) A multicounty planning commission, a regional planning commission or a joint planning commission shall have not less than five nor more than fifteen members, the exact number to be specified in the ordinance creating the planning commission.

(b) The members of a multicounty planning commission, a regional planning commission or a joint planning commission must be:

(1) Residents of the jurisdiction of the multicounty planning commission, regional planning commission or joint planning commission; and

(2) Qualified by knowledge and experience in matters pertaining to the development of the jurisdiction.

(c) The members of a multicounty planning commission, a regional planning commission or a joint planning commission must equally represent the jurisdictions in the planning commission, and must have been residents of the jurisdiction he or she represents for at least three years prior to appointment and confirmation.

(d) The members of a multicounty planning commission, a regional planning commission or a joint planning commission must fairly represent different areas of interest, knowledge and expertise, including, but not limited to, business, industry, labor, farming, government and other relevant disciplines. Each governing body participating in the planning commission must have one member from its governing body on the planning commission. The term of membership for this member is the same as the term of office.

(e) The remaining members of the multicounty planning commission, regional planning commission or joint planning commission first selected shall serve respectively for terms of one year, two years and three years, divided equally or as nearly equally as possible between these terms. Thereafter, members shall serve three-year terms. Vacancies shall be filled for the unexpired term and made in the same manner as original selections were made.

(f) The members of a multicounty planning commission, a regional planning commission or a joint planning commission shall serve without compensation, but shall be reimbursed for all reasonable and necessary expenses actually incurred in the performance of their official duties.

(g) Appointments for a multicounty planning commission, a regional planning commission or a joint planning commission membership shall be made and confirmed by each governing body participating in the planning commission.

(i) The governing bodies may establish procedures for the removal of members of the planning commission for inactivity, neglect of duty or malfeasance. The procedures must contain provisions requiring that the person to be removed be provided with a written statement of the reasons for removal and an opportunity to be heard on the matter.

§8A-2-6. Sharing planning commissions.

(a) The governing body of a municipality located within a county with a planning commission may, by ordinance, designate the county planning commission as the municipal planning commission. A county planning commission designated as a municipal planning commission has all the powers, authority and duties granted under this article to a municipal planning commission.

(b) The county commission of a county with a municipal planning commission may, by ordinance, designate the municipal planning commission as the county planning commission. A municipal planning commission designated as a county planning commission has all the powers, authority and duties granted under this article to a county planning commission.

(c) If a municipality is located in more than one county, this section only applies to the county where the major portion of the territory of the municipality is located.

(d) Municipalities and counties may contract annually with each other to pay expenses for shared planning commissions.

§8A-2-7. Planning commission meetings.

(a) A planning commission shall meet at least quarterly and may meet more frequently at the request of the president or by two or more members.

(b) Notice for a special meeting must be in writing, include the date, time and place of the special meeting, and be sent to all members at least two days before the special meeting.

(c) Written notice of a special meeting is not required if the date, time and place of the special meeting were set in a regular meeting.

§8A-2-8. Quorum.

A planning commission must have quorum to conduct a meeting. A majority of the members of a planning commission is a quorum. No action of a planning commission is official unless authorized by a majority of the members present at a regular or properly called special meeting.

§8A-2-9. Officers.

At its first regular meeting each year, a planning commission shall elect from its members a president and vice president. The vice president shall have the power and authority to act as president of the planning commission during the absence or disability of the president.

§8A-2-10. Governing body's duties.

(a) The county commission in the case of a county planning commission, and the governing body of the municipality in the case of a municipal planning commission, shall provide the planning commission with:

(1) Suitable offices for the holding of meetings and the preservation of plans, maps, documents and accounts; and

(2) Appropriate money to defray the reasonable expenses of the planning commission.

(b) In the ordinance creating a multicounty planning commission, a regional planning commission or a joint planning commission, the governing bodies shall designate office space and will each equally appropriate money sufficient to defray the reasonable expenses of the planning commission.

(c) Planning commissions are authorized to accept gifts, funds and donations which will be deposited with the appropriate governing body in a special nonreverting planning commission fund to be available for expenditures by the planning commission for the purpose designated by the donor.

§8A-2-11. Planning commission's powers and duties.

A planning commission has the following powers and duties:

(1) Exercise general supervision for the administration of the affairs of the commission;

(2) Prescribe rules and regulations pertaining to administration, investigations and hearings: Provided, That the rules and regulations are adopted by the governing body;

(3) Supervise the fiscal affairs and responsibilities of the commission;

(4) With consent from the governing body, hire employees necessary to carry out the duties and responsibilities of the planning commission: Provided, That the governing body sets the salaries;

(5) Keep an accurate and complete record of all planning commission proceedings;

(6) Record and file all bonds and contracts;

(7) Take responsibility for the custody and preservation of all papers and documents of the planning commission;

(8) Make recommendations to the appropriate governing body concerning planning;

(9) Make an annual report to the appropriate governing body concerning the operation of the planning commission and the status of planning within its jurisdiction;

(10) Prepare, publish and distribute reports, ordinances and other material relating to the activities authorized under this article;

(11) Adopt a seal, and certify all official acts;

(12) Invoke any legal, equitable or special remedy for the enforcement of the provisions of this article or any ordinance, rule and regulation or any action taken thereunder;

(13) Prepare and submit an annual budget to the appropriate governing body;

(14) If necessary, establish advisory committees;

(15) Delegate limited powers to a committee composed of one or more members of the commission; and

(16) Contract for special or temporary services and professional counsel with the approval of the governing body. Upon request, a county prosecuting attorney, the county surveyor, the county engineer, or any other county employee may render assistance and service to a planning commission without compensation.

ARTICLE 3. COMPREHENSIVE PLAN.

§8A-3-1. Purpose and goals of a comprehensive plan.

(a) The general purpose of a comprehensive plan is to guide a governing body to accomplish a coordinated and compatible development of land and improvements within its territorial jurisdiction, in accordance with present and future needs and resources.

(b) A comprehensive plan is a process through which citizen participation and thorough analysis are used to develop a set of strategies that establish as clearly and practically as possible the best and most appropriate future development of the area under the jurisdiction of the planning commission. A comprehensive plan aids the planning commission in designing and recommending to the governing body ordinances that result in preserving and enhancing the unique quality of life and culture in that community and in adapting to future changes of use of an economic, physical or social nature. A comprehensive plan guides the planning commission in the performance of its duties to help achieve sound planning.

(c) A comprehensive plan must promote the health, safety, morals, order, convenience, prosperity and general welfare of the inhabitants, as well as efficiency and economy in the process of development.

(d) The purpose of a comprehensive plan is to:

(1) Set goals and objectives for land development, uses and suitability for a governing body, so a governing body can make an informed decision;

(2) Ensure that the elements in the comprehensive plan are consistent;

(3) Coordinate all governing bodies, units of government and other planning commissions to ensure that all comprehensive plans and future development are compatible;

(4) Create conditions favorable to health, safety, mobility, transportation, prosperity, civic activities, recreational, educational, cultural opportunities and historic resources;

(5) Reduce the wastes of physical, financial, natural or human resources which result from haphazard development, congestion or scattering of population;

(6) Reduce the destruction or demolition of historic sites and other resources by reusing land and buildings and revitalizing areas;

(7) Promote a sense of community, character and identity;

(8) Promote the efficient utilization of natural resources, rural land, agricultural land and scenic areas;

(9) Focus development in existing developed areas and fill in vacant or underused land near existing developed areas to create well designed and coordinated communities; and

(10) Promote cost-effective development of community facilities and services.

(e) A comprehensive plan may provide for innovative land use management techniques, including:

(1) Density bonuses and/or density transfer;

(2) Clustering;

(3) Design guidelines, including planned unit developments;

(4) Conservation easements;

(5) Infill development;

(6) Consolidation of services; and

(7) Any other innovative land use technique that will promote the governing body's development plans.

§8A-3-2. Study guidelines for a comprehensive plan.

(a) When preparing or amending a comprehensive plan, a planning commission shall make comprehensive surveys and studies of the existing conditions and services and probable future changes of such conditions and services within the territory under its jurisdiction.

(b) The comprehensive surveys and studies may cover such factors as population density, health, general welfare, historic sites, mobility, transportation, food supply, education, water and sanitation requirements, public services, accessibility for the disabled and future potential for residential, commercial, industrial or public use.

(c) The major objective of the planning process is providing information to and coordination among divergent elements in the municipality or county. The elements in the comprehensive plan shall be consistent and governing bodies, units of government and planning commissions must work together to ensure that comprehensive plans and future development are compatible.

§8A-3-3. Authority for planning commission.

(a) A planning commission shall prepare a comprehensive plan for the development of land within its jurisdiction. A planning commission shall then recommend the comprehensive plan to the appropriate governing body for adoption.

(b) A county, multicounty, regional or joint comprehensive plan may include the planning of towns, villages or municipalities to the extent to which, in the planning commission's judgment, they are related to the planning of the unincorporated territory of the county as a whole: Provided, That the comprehensive plan shall not be considered a comprehensive plan for any town, village or municipality without the consent of the planning commission and/or the governing body of the town, village or municipality.

(c) A comprehensive plan should be coordinated with the plans of the department of transportation, insofar as it relates to highways, thoroughfares, trails and pedestrian ways under the jurisdiction of that planning commission.

(d) A county planning commission may prepare a comprehensive plan for either the entire county or a part of the county.

(e) A multicounty, regional or joint planning commission may prepare a comprehensive plan for land within its jurisdiction.

§8A-3-4. Mandatory components of a comprehensive plan.

(a) The comprehensive plan is a written statement on present and future land use and development patterns consisting of descriptive materials, including text, graphics and maps, covering the objectives, principles and guidelines for the orderly and balanced present and future economic, social, physical, environmental and fiscal development of the area under the jurisdiction of the planning commission.

(b) A comprehensive plan shall meet the following objectives:

(1) A statement of goals and objectives for a governing body, concerning its present and future land development;

(2) A timeline on how to meet short and long-range goals and objectives;

(3) An action plan setting forth implementation strategies;

(4) Recommend to the governing body a financial program for goals and objectives that need public financing;

(5) A statement of recommendations concerning future land use and development policies that are consistent with the goals and objectives set forth in the comprehensive plan;

(6) A program to encourage regional planning, coordination and cooperation with other governing bodies, units of government and planning commissions; and

(7) Maps, plats, charts and/or descriptive material presenting basic information on the land included in the comprehensive plan, including present and future uses.

(1) Land use. -- Designate the current, and set goals and programs for the proposed general distribution, location and suitable uses of land, including, but not limited to:

(A) Residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational, educational, public, historic, conservation, transportation, infrastructure or any other use of land;

(B) Population density and building intensity standards;

(D) Projected population growth or decline; and

(E) Constraints to development, including identifying flood-prone and subsidence areas.

(2) Housing. -- Set goals, plans and programs to meet the housing needs for current and anticipated future residents of the jurisdiction, including, but not limited to:

(A) Analyzing projected housing needs and the different types of housing needed, including affordable housing and universally designed housing accessible to persons with disabilities;

(B) Identifying the number of projected necessary housing units and sufficient land needed for all housing needs;

(D) Rehabilitating and improving existing housing; and

(E) Adaptive reuse of buildings into housing.

(3) Transportation. -- Consistent with the land use component, identify the type, location, programs, goals and plans to meet the intermodal transportation needs of the jurisdiction, including, but not limited to:

(A)Vehicular, transit, air, port, railroad, river and any other mode of transportation system;

(B) Movement of traffic and parking;

(D) Intermodal transportation.

(4) Infrastructure. -- Designate the current, and set goals, plans and programs, for the proposed locations, capabilities and capacities of all utilities, essential utilities and equipment, infrastructure and facilities to meet the needs of current and anticipated future residents of the jurisdiction.

(5) Public services. -- Set goals, plans and programs, to ensure public safety, and meet the medical, cultural, historical, community, social, educational and disaster needs of the current and anticipated future residents of the jurisdiction.

(6) Rural. -- Consistent with the land use component, identify land that is not intended for urban growth and set goals, plans and programs for growth and/or decline management in the designated rural area.

(7) Recreation. -- Consistent with the land use component, identify land, and set goals, plans and programs for recreational and tourism use in the area.

(8) Economic development. -- Establish goals, policies, objectives, provisions and guidelines for economic growth and vitality for current and anticipated future residents of the jurisdiction, including, but not limited to:

(A) Opportunities, strengths and weaknesses of the local economy and workforce;

(B) Identifying and designating economic development sites and/or sectors for the area; and

(C) Type of economic development sought, correlated to the present and projected employment needs and utilization of residents in the area.

(9) Community design. -- Consistent with the land use component, set goals, plans and programs to promote a sense of community, character and identity.

(10) Preferred development areas. -- Consistent with the land use component, identify areas where incentives may be used to encourage development, infill development or redevelopment in order to promote well designed and coordinated communities and prevent sprawl.

(11) Renewal and/or redevelopment. -- Consistent with the land use component, identify slums and other blighted areas and set goals, plans and programs for the elimination of such slums and blighted areas and for community renewal, revitalization and/or redevelopment.

(12) Financing. -- Recommend to the governing body short and long-term financing plans to meet the goals, objectives and components of the comprehensive plan.

(13) Historic preservation. -- Identify historical, scenic, archaeological, architectural or similar significant lands or buildings, and specify preservation plans and programs so as not to unnecessarily destroy the past development which may make a viable and affordable contribution in the future.

§8A-3-5. Optional components of a comprehensive plan.

The comprehensive plan may have, but is not limited to, the following components:

(1) History. -- An analysis of the history of the area to better provide for the future.

(2) Environmental. -- Recommend programs where appropriate to appropriate regulatory agencies to protect the area from all types of pollution and promote a healthy environment.

(3) Tourism. -- Recommend programs to promote tourism and cultural and heritage development in the area.

(4) Conservation. -- Recommend programs to conserve and protect wildlife, natural habitats, sensitive natural areas, green spaces and direct access to sunlight.

(5) Safety. -- Recommend public safety programs to educate and protect the public from disasters, both natural and man-made.

(6) Natural resources use. -- Identify areas for natural resources use in an urban area.

§8A-3-6. Notice and public participation requirement for a comprehensive plan.

(a) Prior to recommending a new or amended comprehensive plan to a governing body for adoption, the planning commission shall give notice and hold a public hearing on the new or amended comprehensive plan.

(b) At least thirty days prior to the date set for the public hearing, the planning commission shall publish a notice of the date, time and place of the public hearing as a Class I legal advertisement in compliance with the provisions of article three, chapter fifty-nine of this code. The publication area shall be the area covered by the comprehensive plan.

(c) A planning commission shall include public participation throughout the process of studying and preparing a comprehensive plan and amending a comprehensive plan. A planning commission shall adopt procedures for public participation throughout the process of studying and preparing or amending a comprehensive plan.

(d) A planning commission shall request input from other affected governing bodies and units of government.

§8A-3-7. Submission of comprehensive plan.

(a) After the comprehensive plan is prepared and before it is approved, the planning commission shall hold a public hearing. After the public hearing and approval, the planning commission shall submit the recommended comprehensive plan to the applicable governing body for consideration and adoption.

(b) At the first meeting of the applicable governing body following the submission of the recommended comprehensive plan by the planning commission to the governing body, the planning commission shall present the recommended comprehensive plan to the governing body.

(c) After the presentation of the recommended comprehensive plan by the planning commission to the governing body and prior to adoption, the governing body shall hold a public hearing after giving notice.

(d) At least fifteen days prior to the date set for the public hearing, the planning commission shall publish a notice of the date, time and place of the public hearing as a Class I legal advertisement in compliance with the provisions of article three, chapter fifty-nine of this code. The publication area shall be the area covered by the comprehensive plan.

§8A-3-8. Adoption of comprehensive plan by governing body.

(a) Within the latter of ninety days or three scheduled meetings after the submission of the recommended comprehensive plan to the governing body, the governing body must act by either adopting, rejecting or amending the comprehensive plan.

(b) If the comprehensive plan is adopted by the governing body, then the governing body may adopt the comprehensive plan as an ordinance or designate what other effect the comprehensive plan may have.

(c) If the comprehensive plan is adopted by the governing body and an ordinance is published, the comprehensive plan may be incorporated by reference in the ordinance and the full text of the comprehensive plan does not have to be published.

§8A-3-9. Filing the comprehensive plan.

After the adoption of a comprehensive plan by a governing body, the governing body must file the adopted comprehensive plan in the office of the clerk of the county commission where the comprehensive plan applies. If an adopted comprehensive plan covers more than one county, a certified copy of the adopted comprehensive plan must be filed in the office of the clerk of the county commission of each county covered by the adopted comprehensive plan.

§8A-3-10. Rejection or amendment of comprehensive plan by governing body.

(a) If a governing body rejects or amends the recommended comprehensive plan, then the comprehensive plan must be returned to the planning commission for its consideration, with a written statement of the reasons for the rejection or amendment.

(b) The planning commission has forty-five days to consider the rejection or amendment and make recommendations to the governing body.

(c) If the planning commission approves the amendment to the comprehensive plan, then the comprehensive plan shall stand as adopted by the governing body.

(d) If the planning commission disapproves of the rejection or amendment, then the planning commission shall state its reasons in its written recommendations to the governing body.

(e) Within forty-five days of receipt of the planning commission's written recommendations for disapproval, the governing body must act on the comprehensive plan.

(f) If the planning commission does not file a written recommendation with the governing body within forty-five days, then the action in rejecting or amending the comprehensive plan is final.

§8A-3-11. Amending comprehensive plan after adoption.

(a) After the adoption of a comprehensive plan by the governing body, the planning commission shall follow the comprehensive plan, and review the comprehensive plan and make updates at least every ten years.

(b) After the adoption of a comprehensive plan by the governing body, all amendments to the comprehensive plan shall be made by the planning commission and recommended to the governing body for adoption in accordance with the procedures set forth in sections six, seven, eight and nine of this article. The planning commission shall hold a public hearing prior to its recommendation to the governing body.

(c) If a governing body wants an amendment, it may request in writing for the planning commission to prepare an amendment. The planning commission must hold a public hearing within one hundred twenty days after the written request by the governing body to the planning commission is received.

(d) Within the latter of ninety days or three scheduled meetings after the submission of the recommended amendment to the comprehensive plan to the governing body, the governing body must act by either adopting, rejecting or amending the comprehensive plan.

§8A-3-12. Validation of prior comprehensive plans.

(a) The adoption of a comprehensive plan or any general development plans by a planning commission, under the authority of prior acts, is hereby validated and the plans may continue in effect for ten years after the effective date of this chapter, or until the plans are revised, amended or replaced in accordance with this chapter.

(b) After the effective date of this chapter, amendments to prior plans shall be made in accordance with the provisions of this article.

§8A-3-13. Intergovernmental cooperation.

(a) With a view to coordinating and integrating the planning of municipalities and/or counties with each other, all governing bodies and units of government within the lands under the jurisdiction of the planning commission preparing or amending a comprehensive plan, all governing bodies and units of government affected by the comprehensive plan, and any other interested or affected governing body, unit of government or planning commission, must cooperate, participate, share information and give input when a planning commission prepares or amends a comprehensive plan.

(b) All planning commissions, governing bodies and units of government are authorized to cooperate and share information with each other and may adopt rules and regulations to coordinate and integrate planning.

(c) All planning commissions, governing bodies and units of government must make available, upon the request of a planning commission, any information, maps, documents, data and plans pertinent to the preparation of a comprehensive plan.

§8A-3-14. Jurisdiction of municipal planning commission.

The jurisdiction of a municipal planning commission shall not extend beyond the corporate limits of the municipality.

ARTICLE 4. SUBDIVISION AND LAND DEVELOPMENT ORDINANCE.

§8A-4-1. Subdivision and land development ordinances authorized.

(a) The governing body of a municipality or a county may regulate subdivisions and land development within its jurisdiction by:

(1) Adopting a comprehensive plan; and

(2) Enacting a subdivision and land development ordinance.

(b) A municipality may adopt, by reference, the subdivision and land development ordinance of the county in which it is located.

(c) With the prior approval of the county planning commission, a municipality may, by ordinance, designate the county planning commission as the planning commission for the municipality to review and approve subdivision or land development plans and plats.

§8A-4-2. Contents of subdivision and land development ordinance.

(a) A subdivision and land development ordinance shall include the following provisions:

(1) A minor subdivision or land development process, including criteria, requirements and a definition of minor subdivision;

(2) The authority of the planning commission and its staff to approve a minor subdivision or land development;

(3) A major subdivision or land development process, including criteria and requirements;

(4) The authority of the planning commission to approve a major subdivision or land development;

(5) The standards for setback requirements, lot sizes, streets, sidewalks, walkways, parking, easements, rights-of-way, drainage, utilities, infrastructure, curbs, gutters, street lights, fire hydrants, storm water management and water and wastewater facilities;

(6) Standards for flood-prone or subsidence areas;

(7) A review process for subdivision or land development plans and plats by the planning commission;

(8) An approval process for subdivision or land development plans and plats by the planning commission, including the authority to approve subdivision or land development plans and plats with conditions;

(9) A process to amend final approved subdivision or land development plans and plats;

(10) A requirement that before development of the land is commenced, subdivision and land development plans and plats must be approved by the applicable planning commission, in accordance with the comprehensive plan;

(11) A requirement that after approval of the subdivision or land development plat by the planning commission and before the subdivision or development of the land is commenced, the subdivision and land development plat shall be recorded in the office of the clerk of the county commission where a majority of the land to be developed lies;

(12) A schedule of fees to be charged which are proportioned to the cost of checking and verifying proposed plats.;

(13) The process for granting waivers from the minimum standards of the subdivision and land development ordinance;

(14) Improvement location permit process, including a requirement that a structure or development of land is prohibited without an improvement location permit;

(15) The acceptable methods of payment to cover the cost of the water and sewer service infrastructure, which can include, but are not limited to, bonds, impact fees, escrow fees and proffers;

(16) The process for cooperating and coordinating with other governmental agencies affected by the subdivision and land development and use; and

(17) Penalties for violating the subdivision and land development ordinance.

(b) A subdivision and land development ordinance may include the following provisions:

(1) Establishing a board of subdivision and land development appeals with the same powers, duties and appeals process as set out for the board of zoning appeals under the provisions of article eight of this chapter;

(2) Requirements for green space, common areas, public grounds, walking and cycling paths, recreational trails, parks, playgrounds and recreational areas;

(3) Encourage the use of renewable energy systems and energy-conserving building design;

(4) Vested property right, including requirements;

(5) Exemptions of certain types of land development from the subdivision and land development ordinance requirements, including, but not limited to, single-family residential structures and farm structures; and

(6) Any other provisions consistent with the comprehensive plan the governing body considers necessary.

§8A-4-3. Enactment of subdivision and land development ordinance.

(a) Before a governing body enacts a subdivision and land development ordinance, the governing body shall hold at least one public hearing and give public notice.

(b) The public notice of the date, time and place of the public hearing must be published in a local newspaper of general circulation in the area as a Class I legal advertisement, in accordance with the provisions of article three, chapter fifty-nine of this code, at least thirty days prior to the public hearing. The public notice must contain a brief summary of the principal provisions of the proposed subdivision and land development ordinance and a reference to the place or places where copies of the proposed subdivision and land development ordinance may be examined.

(c) After the public hearing, if the governing body makes other than technical amendments to the proposed subdivision and land development ordinance prior to voting on it, the governing body shall hold another public hearing and give public notice. The public notice shall be as provided in subsection (b) of this section, and must contain a brief summary of the amendments.

§8A-4-4. Filing the subdivision and land development ordinance.

After the enactment of the subdivision and land development ordinance by a governing body, the governing body must file the enacted subdivision and land development ordinance in the office of the clerk of the county commission where the subdivision and land development ordinance applies.

§8A-4-5. Amendments to the subdivision and land development ordinance.

After the enactment of the subdivision and land development ordinance by the governing body, all amendments to the subdivision and land development ordinance shall be made by the governing body after holding a public hearing with public notice.

§8A-4-6. Effect of adopted subdivision and land development ordinance.

After enactment of a subdivision and land development ordinance by the governing body, all subsequent subdivisions and land development must be done in accordance with the provisions of the subdivision and land development ordinance.

§8A-4-7. Validation of prior subdivision and land development ordinance.

All subdivision and land development ordinances, all amendments, supplements and changes to the ordinance, legally adopted under prior acts, and all action taken under the authority of the ordinance, are hereby validated and the ordinance shall continue in effect until amended or repealed by action of the governing body taken under authority of this article. These ordinances shall have the same effect as though previously adopted as a comprehensive plan of land use or parts thereof.

ARTICLE 5. SUBDIVISION OR LAND DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND PLAT.

§8A-5-1. Jurisdiction of planning commissions.

(a) A planning commission has the authority to:

(1) Approve a minor subdivision or land development application within its jurisdiction;

(2) Exempt an application for a minor subdivision or land development within its jurisdiction; and

(3) Approve a major subdivision or land development application within its jurisdiction.

(b) The staff of a planning commission has the authority to approve a minor subdivision or land development application within its jurisdiction, if granted such authority by the governing body in the subdivision and land development ordinance.

(c) If a subdivision or land development plan and plat cannot be approved through the minor subdivision or land development process, then an applicant must use the major subdivision or land development approval process.

PART I. MINOR SUBDIVISION OR LAND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS.

§8A-5-2. Requirements for a minor subdivision or land development.

(a) An application for approval of a subdivision or land development plan and plat may be considered a minor subdivision or land development if it meets the following requirements:

(1) Only creates the maximum number of lots specifically permitted by the subdivision and land development ordinance for a minor subdivision or land development;

(2) Will not require the development of new or the extension of existing off-tract infrastructure; and

(3) Such other requirements as determined by the governing body to ensure that required improvements are installed and not avoided by a series of minor subdivisions or land developments.

(b) The following can be considered a minor subdivision or land development if approved by the planning commission:

(1) Merger or consolidation of parcels of land;

(2) Land transfers between immediate family members; and

(3) Minor boundary line adjustments.

§8A-5-3. Application for minor subdivision or land development.

(a) An applicant submits a copy of a land development plat and the fees to the planning commission having jurisdiction over the land.

(b) Within seven days after the submission of the subdivision or land development plat, the applicant and the staff of the planning commission shall meet to discuss the proposed subdivision or land development and the criteria used to classify the proposal as minor.

(d) Within ten days after the submission of the subdivision or land development plat, the staff of the planning commission shall notify the applicant in writing that the proposed subdivision or land development has been classified a minor subdivision or land development.

§8A-5-4. Approval of minor subdivision or land development plans and plats.

(a) Within ten days after a plat has been classified a minor subdivision or land development, then the planning commission or staff, if the authority has been given by the governing body, shall approve or deny the plat.

(b) If the planning commission approves the plat, then the planning commission shall affix its seal on the plat.

(c) If the planning commission approves the plat with conditions, then the planning commission must state the conditions.

(d) If the planning commission denies the plat, then the planning commission shall notify the applicant in writing of the reasons for the denial.

§8A-5-5. Recording of minor subdivision or land development plat.

After approval of a minor subdivision or land development plat by the planning commission and before the subdivision or development is commenced, the subdivision or land development plat shall be recorded by the applicant in the office of the clerk of the county commission where the land is located.

PART II. MAJOR SUBDIVISION OR LAND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS.

§8A-5-6. Application for major subdivision or land development.

(a) An applicant for approval of a major subdivision or land development plan and plat shall submit written application, a copy of the proposed land development plan and plat, and the fees to the planning commission having jurisdiction over the land.

(b) Within forty-five days after receipt of the application, the planning commission shall review the application for completeness and either accept or deny it.

(c) If the application is not complete, then the planning commission may deny the application and must notify the applicant in writing stating the reasons for the denial.

§8A-5-7. Contents of a major subdivision or land development plan and plat.

(a) A land development plan and plat must include everything required by the governing body's subdivision and land development ordinance.

(b) If a governing body does not have a subdivision and land development ordinance or if a governing body's subdivision and land development ordinance does not specify what may be included in a subdivision or land development plan and plat, then the following may be included, when applicable, in a subdivision or land development plan and plat:

(1) Show that the subdivision or land development conforms to the governing body's comprehensive plan;

(2) A method of payment to cover the cost of the water and sewer service infrastructure, which can include, but is not limited to, bonds, impact fees, escrow fees and proffers;

(3) Coordination among land development with adjoining land owners, including but not limited to, facilities and streets;

(4) Distribution of population and traffic in a manner tending to create conditions favorable to health, safety, convenience and the harmonious development of the municipality or county;

(5) Show that there is a fair allocation of areas for different uses, including but not limited to, streets, parks, schools, public and private buildings, utilities, businesses and industry;

(6) Show that there is a water and sewer supply;

(7) Setback and lot size measures were used;

(8) The standards used for designating land which is subject to flooding or subsidence, details for making it safe, or information showing that such land will be set aside for use which will not endanger life or property and will not further aggravate or increase the existing menace;

(9) The control measures for drainage, erosion and sediment;

(10) The coordination of streets, sidewalks and pedestrian pathways in and bordering the land development; and

(11) The design, construction and improvement measures to be used for the streets, sidewalks, easements, rights-of-way, drainage, utilities, walkways, curbs, gutters, street lights, fire hydrants, water and wastewater facilities, and other improvements installed, including the width, grade and location for the purpose of accommodating prospective traffic, customers and facilitating fire protection.

§8A-5-8. Approval of major subdivision or land development plans and plats.

(a) Upon written request of the applicant for a determination, the planning commission must determine by vote at the next regular meeting or at a special meeting, whether or not the application is complete based upon a finding that the application meets the requirements set forth in its governing body's subdivision and land development ordinance.

(b) If a governing body's subdivision and land development ordinance does not specify what may be included in a land development plan and plat, then the planning commission must determine that an application is complete if the application meets the requirements set forth in subsection (b), section seven of this article.

(c) At a meeting where the application is determined to be complete, the planning commission must set a date, time and place for a public hearing and a meeting to follow the public hearing to vote on the application. The public hearing must be held within forty-five days, and the planning commission must notify the applicant of the public hearing and meeting in writing unless notice is waived in writing by the applicant. The planning commission must publish a public notice of the public hearing and meeting in a local newspaper of general circulation in the area at least twenty-one days prior to the public hearing.

(d) At a meeting at the conclusion of the public hearing or a meeting held within fourteen days after the public hearing, the planning commission shall vote to approve, deny or hold the application.

(e) The application may be held for additional information necessary to make a determination. An application may be held for up to forty-five days.

(f) The planning commission shall approve the application after the planning commission determines that an application is complete and meets the requirements of the governing body's subdivision and land development ordinance; or if the governing body does not have a subdivision and land development ordinance or

if the subdivision and land development ordinance does not specify what may be included in a subdivision or land development plan and plat, that the application meets the requirements set forth in subsection (b) section seven of this article.

(g) If the planning commission approves the application, then the planning commission shall affix its seal on the subdivision or land development plan and/or plat.

(h) If the planning commission approves the application with conditions, then the planning commission must specify those conditions.

(i) If the planning commission denies the application, then the planning commission shall notify the applicant in writing of the reasons for the denial. The applicant may request, one time, a reconsideration of the decision of the planning commission, which request for reconsideration must be in writing and received by the planning commission no later than ten days after the decision of the planning commission is received by the applicant.

§8A-5-9. Recording of major subdivision or land development plat.

After approval of a major subdivision or land development plat by the planning commission and after the conditions of the planning commission are met, the subdivision or land development plat shall be recorded by the applicant in the office of the clerk of the county commission where the land is located. If the land is located in more than one county, then the land development plat shall be recorded in the county of the initial land development and subsequently recorded in the other counties when there is land development in that county.

§8A-5-10. Appeal process.

(a) An appeal may be made by an aggrieved person from any decision or ruling of the planning commission to:

(1) The circuit court, pursuant to the provisions of article nine of this chapter; or

(2) A board of subdivision and land development appeals, if the governing body has established a board of subdivision and land development appeals by ordinance.

(b) Within thirty days after the date of the denial, the petition, specifying the grounds of the appeal in writing, must be filed with:

(1) The circuit court of the county in which the affected land or the major portion of the affected land is located; or

(2) The board of subdivision and land development appeals that has jurisdiction over the affected land.

§8A-5-11. Effect of approval of land development plans and plats. A land development plan and plat that has not been approved by the planning commission is without legal effect: Provided, That failure to comply with this article shall not invalidate or affect the title to any land within the area of the land development plat.

§8A-5-12. Vested property right.

(a) A vested property right is a right to undertake and complete the land development. The right is established when the land development plan and plat is approved by the planning commission and is only applicable under the terms and conditions of the approved land development plan and plat.

(b) Failure to abide by the terms and conditions of the approved land development plan and plat will result in forfeiture of the right.

(c) The vesting period for an approved land development plan and plat which creates the vested property right is five years from the approval of the land development plan and plat by the planning commission.

(d) Without limiting the time when rights might otherwise vest, a landowner's rights vest in a land use or development plan and cannot be affected by a subsequent amendment to a zoning ordinance or action by the planning commission when the landowner:

(1) Obtains or is the beneficiary of a significant affirmative governmental act which remains in effect allowing development of a specific project;

(2) Relies in good faith on the significant affirmative governmental act; and

(3) Incurs extensive obligations or substantial expenses in diligent pursuit of the specific project in reliance on the significant affirmative governmental act.

(e) A vested right is a property right, which cannot be taken without compensation. A court may award damages against the local government in favor of the landowner for monetary losses incurred by the landowner and court costs and attorneys' fees, resulting from the local government's bad faith refusal to recognize that the landowner has obtained vested rights.

ARTICLE 6. METHODS OF SECURITY.

§8A-6-1. Bond requirements.

(a) If a bond is used as an acceptable method of security for infrastructure construction, then it shall meet the following requirements:

(1) Be in an amount to cover the infrastructure construction, as determined by the governing body;

(2) Be payable to the governing body;

(3) Have adequate surety and be satisfactory to the governing body;

(4) Specify the time for the completion of the infrastructure construction; and

(5) Specify the date and/or condition for when the bond will be released.

(b) The money from the bond shall only be used by the governing body to which the bond is payable, for the completion of the infrastructure construction, when the infrastructure construction is not completed as approved at the issuance of the bond.

§8A-6-2. Conditions as part of final plat approval.

(a) A subdivision and land development ordinance may provide for the voluntary proffering by a landowner as a requirement of final plat approval for a development project.

(b) For purposes of this section, a "voluntary proffer" is a written offer by a landowner to a governing body whereby the landowner offers to satisfy certain reasonable conditions as a requirement of the final plat approval for a development project. A voluntary proffer made to a governing body shall be in lieu of payment of an impact fee as authorized by section four, article twenty, chapter seven of this code: Provided, That no proffer may be accepted by a governing body in lieu of an impact fee that would otherwise go to schools without the approval of the county board of education.

(1) The development project results in the need for the conditions;

(2) The conditions have a reasonable relation to the development project; and

(3) All conditions are in conformity with the comprehensive plan adopted pursuant to this chapter.

(d) No proffer may be accepted by a governing body unless it has approved a list detailing any proposed capital improvements from all areas within the jurisdiction of the governing body to which the proffer is made, which list contains descriptions of any proposed capital improvements, cost estimates, projected time frames for constructing the improvements and proposed or anticipated funding sources: Provided, That the approval of the list does not limit the governing body from accepting proffers relating to items not contained on the list.

(e) For purposes of this section, "capital improvement" has the same definition as found in section three, article twenty, chapter seven of this code.

(f) If a voluntary proffer includes the dedication of real property or the payment of cash, the proffer shall provide for the alternate disposition of the property or cash payment in the event the property or cash payment is not to be used for the purpose for which it was proffered.

(g) Notwithstanding any provision of this code to the contrary, a municipality may transfer the portion of the proceeds of a voluntary proffer intended by the terms of the proffer to be used by the board of education of a county in which the municipality is located upon the condition that the portion so transferred may only be used by the board for capital improvements.

§8A-6-3. Enforcement and guarantees.

(a) The planning commission is vested with all the necessary authority to administer and enforce conditions attached to the final plat approved for a development project, including, but not limited to, the authority to:

(1) Order, in writing, the remedy for any noncompliance with the conditions;

(2) Bring legal action to ensure compliance with the conditions, including injunction, abatement, or other appropriate action or proceeding; and

(3) Require a guarantee satisfactory to the planning commission in an amount sufficient for and conditioned upon the construction of any physical improvements required by the conditions, or a contract for the construction of the improvements and the contractor's guarantee, in like amount and so conditioned, which guarantee shall be reduced or released by the planning commission upon the submission of satisfactory evidence that construction of the improvements has been completed in whole or in part.

(b) Failure to meet all conditions attached to the final plat approved for a development project shall constitute cause to deny the issuance of any of the required use, occupancy or improvement location permits, as may be appropriate.

ARTICLE 7. ZONING ORDINANCE.

§8A-7-1. Authority for zoning ordinance.
(a) The governing body of a municipality or a county may regulate land use within its jurisdiction by:

(1) Adopting a comprehensive plan;

(2) Working with the planning commission and the public to develop a zoning ordinance; and

(3) Enacting a zoning ordinance.

(b) A zoning ordinance may cover a county's entire jurisdiction or parts of its jurisdiction.

(d) A municipality may adopt, by reference, the zoning ordinance of the county in which it is located.

§8A-7-2. Contents of zoning ordinance.
(a) The following must be considered when enacting a zoning ordinance:

(1) Promoting general public welfare, health, safety, comfort and morals;

(2) A plan so that adequate light, air, convenience of access, and safety from fire, flood and other danger is secured;

(3) Ensuring attractiveness and convenience is promoted;

(4) Lessening congestion;

(5) Preserving historic landmarks, sites, districts and buildings;

(6) Preserving agricultural land; and

(7) Promoting the orderly development of land.

(b) A zoning ordinance may include the following:

(1) Regulating the use of land and designating or prohibiting specific land uses;

(2) Authorizing flexible planning standards to create, redevelop, reuse, protect, and enhance the physical qualities of the community;

(3) Designating historic districts and regulating the uses of land and the design of buildings within the historic district;

(4) Establishing corridor overlay districts to achieve land design goals and regulating the uses of land within the corridor overlay districts;

(5) Establishing design standards and site plan approval procedures;

(6) Dividing the land of the governing body into different zone classifications regulating the use of land, establishing performance standards for various land uses when dividing is not desired, or any combination of both;

(7) Authorizing overlay districts and special design districts within which specific additional development standards for each permitted, accessory and conditional use shall apply;

(8) Regulating the height, area, bulk, use and architectural features of buildings, including reasonable exterior architectural features and reasonable aesthetic standards for factory-built homes;

(9) Authorizing a process and standards for factory-built homes: Provided, That a governing body is prohibited from establishing a process and standards for regulating factory-built homes that is more restrictive than a process and standards for site-built homes;

(10) Preserving green spaces and requiring new green spaces, landscaping, screening and the preservation of adequate natural light;

(11) Regulating traffic flow and access, pedestrian flow and access, parking and loading;

(12) Identifying flood-prone areas subject to periodic flooding, and regulating with specific control the permitted use, type of construction and height of floor levels above base flood elevation permitted in the area so as to lessen or avoid the hazards to persons and damage to property resulting from the accumulation of storm or flood waters;

(13) Designating an airport area and establishing land-use regulations within a specific distance from the boundaries of the airport; and

(14) Authorizing planned unit developments to achieve more efficient use of land and setting standards and regulations for the developments.

(1) Create a board of zoning appeals;

(2) Specify certification requirements for zoning district maps that are consistent with the governing body's comprehensive plan;

(3) Adopt procedures and requirements for nonconforming land uses;

(4) Adopt procedures and requirements for variances; and

(5) Adopt procedures and requirements for conditional use permits.

§8A-7-3. Zoning -- Generally.

(a) A zoning ordinance may cover a county's entire jurisdiction or parts of its jurisdiction.

(b) The different zones created in a zoning ordinance by a governing body do not have to cover or include the same territory, and may overlap.

(c) Overlay districts and special design districts may have specific additional development standards for each permitted, accessory and conditional use.

(d) Each zone will be subject to the same rules, regulations, standards and designations throughout the zone, unless specific provisions are made by the governing body in the zoning ordinance.

(e) Essential utilities and equipment are a permitted use in any zoning district.

(f) Several areas of a municipality or county may be classified in a zone even though the areas are not contiguous.

(g) The boundaries of each zone and the designated classifications must be shown on a zoning district map. The boundaries may only be changed after appropriate public hearing and zoning district map changes are adopted by the governing body.

(h) A governing body shall certify the original zoning district map. Subsequent versions of the zoning district map shall be certified and clearly identified with an effective date.

(i) All certified zoning district maps must be filed with the clerk of the applicable governing body, the applicable planning commission and the office of the clerk of the applicable county commission.

§8A-7-4. Study and report on zoning.
(a) After adoption of a comprehensive plan and before enacting a zoning ordinance, a governing body with the applicable planning commission must study the land within its jurisdiction. The study may include:

(1) Evaluating the existing conditions, the character of the buildings, the most desirable use for the land and the conservation of property values in relation to the adopted comprehensive plan; and

(2) Holding public hearings and meetings with notice to receive public input.

(b) The planning commission must use the information from the study and the comprehensive plan and prepare a report on zoning. The report shall include the proposed zoning ordinance, with explanatory maps showing the recommended boundaries of each district, and the rules, regulations and restrictions for each district.

§8A-7-5. Enactment of zoning ordinance.

(a) After the study and the report, and before the governing body enacts the proposed zoning ordinance, the governing body shall hold at least two public hearings and give public notice. At least one public hearing shall be held during the day and at least one public hearing shall be held during the evening.

(b) The public notice shall be published in a local newspaper of general circulation in the area affected by the proposed zoning ordinance, as a Class II legal advertisement in accordance with the provisions of article three, chapter fifty-nine of this code, at least fourteen consecutive days prior to the public hearing. The public notice must contain the following:

(1) The date, time and place of the public hearings;

(2) That it is a public hearing on a proposed zoning ordinance;

(3) A brief summary of the principal provisions of the proposed zoning ordinance;

(4) A reference to the place where copies of the proposed zoning ordinance may be examined; and

(5) That written objections to the proposed zoning ordinance may be made and will be heard at the public hearings and must be filed with the clerk of the applicable governing body.

(c) Copies of the proposed zoning ordinance must be made available to the public, at least two weeks prior to the public hearings, at the office of the governing body and all public libraries in the area to be zoned.

(d) After the public hearings, if the governing body makes substantial amendments to the proposed zoning ordinance prior to voting on the zoning ordinance, the governing body shall hold another public hearing, after public notice. The public notice shall be as provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this section, and must contain a brief summary of the amendments.

(e) After the public hearings and any amendments, the governing body may enact the zoning ordinance or it may hold an election to have the qualified voters residing in the affected area approve the zoning ordinance.

§8A-7-6. Filing the zoning ordinance.

After the enactment of a zoning ordinance by a governing body, the governing body shall file the enacted zoning ordinance in the office of the clerk of the county commission where the zoning ordinance applies.

§8A-7-7. Election on a zoning ordinance.

(a) The governing body of a municipality or a county may submit a proposed zoning ordinance for approval or rejection at any primary election, general election or special election, to the qualified voters residing:

(1) Within the entire jurisdiction of the governing body, if the proposed zoning ordinance is for the entire jurisdiction; or

(2) In the specific area to be zoned by the proposed zoning ordinance, if the proposed zoning ordinance only applies to part of the governing body's jurisdiction.

(b) The election laws of this state apply to any election on a proposed zoning ordinance.

(c) If a petition for an election on a zoning ordinance is filed with the clerk of a governing body within ninety days after the enactment of a zoning ordinance by a governing body without an election, then a zoning ordinance does not take effect until an election is held and a majority of the voters approves it. At least fifteen percent of the total eligible voters in the area to be affected by the proposed zoning ordinance must sign, in their own handwriting, the petition for an election on a zoning ordinance.

(d) Notice for an election on a proposed zoning ordinance must be published in a local newspaper of general circulation in the area affected by the proposed zoning ordinance, as a Class II-0 legal advertisement, in accordance with the provisions of article three, chapter fifty-nine of this code.

(e) The ballots for an election on a zoning ordinance shall have the following:

/ / For Zoning

/ / Against Zoning

(f) The zoning ordinance is adopted if it is approved by a majority of the voters and is effective on the date the results of an election are declared. If a zoning ordinance is rejected, the zoning ordinance does not take effect. The governing body may submit the zoning ordinance to the voters again at the next primary or general election.

§8A-7-8. Amendments to the zoning ordinance by the governing body.

(a) After the enactment of the zoning ordinance, the governing body of the municipality or the county may amend the zoning ordinance without holding an election.

(b) Before amending the zoning ordinance, the governing body with the advice of the planning commission, must find that the amendment is consistent with the adopted comprehensive plan. If the amendment is inconsistent, then the governing body with the advice of the planning commission, must find that there have been major changes of an economic, physical or social nature within the area involved which were not anticipated when the comprehensive plan was adopted and those changes have substantially altered the basic characteristics of the area.

§8A-7-9. Amendments to the zoning ordinance by petition.
(a) After the enactment of the zoning ordinance, the planning commission or the owners of fifty percent or more of the real property in the area to which the petition relates may petition to amend the zoning ordinance. The petition must be signed and be presented to the planning commission or the clerk of the governing body.

(b) Within sixty days after a petition to amend the zoning ordinance is received by the planning commission or the governing body, then the planning commission or the governing body must hold a public hearing after giving public notice. The public notice of the date, time and place of the public hearing must be published in a local newspaper of general circulation in the area affected by the proposed zoning ordinance, as a Class I legal advertisement, in accordance with the provisions of article three, chapter fifty-nine of this code, at least fifteen days prior to the public hearing.

(c) If the petition to amend the zoning ordinance is from the owners of fifty percent or more of the real property in the area, then before amending the zoning ordinance, the governing body with the advice of the planning commission, must find that the amendment is consistent with the adopted comprehensive plan. If the amendment is inconsistent, then the governing body with the advice of the planning commission, must find that there have been major changes of an economic, physical or social nature within the area involved which were not anticipated when the comprehensive plan was adopted and those changes have substantially altered the basic characteristics of the area.

§8A-7-10. Effect of enacted zoning ordinance.

(a) After enactment of a zoning ordinance by a municipality or county, all subsequent land development must be done in accordance with the provisions of the zoning ordinance.

(b) All zoning ordinances, and all amendments, supplements and changes thereto, legally adopted under any prior enabling acts, and all actions taken under the authority of any such ordinances, are hereby validated and continued in effect until amended or repealed by action of the governing body of the municipality or the county taken under authority of this article. These ordinances shall have the same effect as though previously adopted as a comprehensive plan of land use or parts thereof.

(c) Land, buildings or structures in use when a zoning ordinance is enacted can continue the same use and such use cannot be prohibited by the zoning ordinance, so long as the use of the land, buildings or structures is maintained, and no zoning ordinance may prohibit alterations or additions to or replacement of buildings or structures owned by any farm, industry or manufacturer, or the use of land presently owned by any farm, industry or manufacturer but not used for agricultural, industrial or manufacturing purposes, or the use or acquisition of additional land which may be required for the protection, continuing development or expansion of any agricultural, industrial or manufacturing operation of any present or future satellite agricultural, industrial or manufacturing use. A zoning ordinance may provide for the enlargement or extension of a nonconforming use, or the change from one nonconforming use to another.

(d) If a use of a property that does not conform to the zoning ordinance has ceased and the property has been vacant for one year, abandonment will be presumed unless the owner of the property can show that the property has not been abandoned: Provided, That neither the absence of natural resources extraction or harvesting nor the absence of any particular agricultural, industrial or manufacturing process may be construed as abandonment of the use. If the property is shown to be abandoned, then any future use of the land, buildings or structures must conform with the provisions of the zoning ordinance regulating the use where the land, buildings or structures are located, unless the property is a duly designated historic landmark, historic site or historic district.

(e) Nothing in this chapter authorizes an ordinance, rule or regulation preventing, outside of urban areas, the complete use of natural resources by the owner.

§8A-7-11. Variance.

(a) A variance is a deviation from the minimum standards of the zoning ordinance and shall not involve permitting land uses that are otherwise prohibited in the zoning district nor shall it involve changing the zoning classifications of a parcel of land.

(b) The board of zoning appeals shall grant a variance to the zoning ordinance if it finds that the variance:

(1) Will not adversely affect the public health, safety or welfare, or the rights of adjacent property owners or residents;

(2) Arises from special conditions or attributes which pertain to the property for which a variance is sought and which were not created by the person seeking the variance;

(3) Would eliminate an unnecessary hardship and permit a reasonable use of the land; and

(4) Will allow the intent of the zoning ordinance to be observed and substantial justice done.

§8A-7-12. Validation of prior zoning ordinance.

All zoning ordinances, all amendments, supplements and changes to the ordinance, legally adopted under prior acts, and all action taken under the authority of the ordinance, are hereby validated and the ordinance shall continue in effect until amended or repealed by action of the governing body taken under authority of this article.

§8A-7-13. Process to replace nontraditional zoning ordinance.

(a) A governing body that has adopted or enacted a nontraditional zoning ordinance may replace the nontraditional zoning ordinance with a zoning ordinance. A nontraditional zoning ordinance may be replaced with a zoning ordinance by:

(1) The governing body; or

(2) A petition by the voters in the affected area. If the voters petition to replace the nontraditional zoning ordinance with a zoning ordinance, then the provisions of this section and this chapter shall be followed.

(b) At least fifteen percent of the total eligible voters in the affected area may petition the governing body to replace the nontraditional zoning ordinance with a zoning ordinance. The petition must include:

(1) The governing body's name to which the petition is addressed;

(2) The reason for the petition, including:

(A) Replacing the nontraditional zoning ordinance with a zoning ordinance; and

(B) That the question of replacing the nontraditional zoning ordinance with a new zoning ordinance be put to the voters of the affected area; and

(3) Signatures in ink or permanent marker.

(c) Each person signing the petition must be a registered voter in the affected area and in the governing body's jurisdiction. The petition must be delivered to the clerk of the affected governing body. There are no time constraints on the petition.

(d) Upon receipt of the petition with the required number of qualifying signatures, the governing body shall place the question on the next special, primary or general election ballot. Notice for an election on replacing a zoning ordinance must be published in a local newspaper of general circulation in the area affected by the nontraditional zoning ordinance, as a Class II-0 legal advertisement, in accordance with the provisions of article three, chapter fifty-nine of this code.

(e) The ballots for an election on replacing a zoning ordinance shall have the following:

"Shall __________ (name of governing body) replace _________ (name of commonly known nontraditional zoning ordinance) with a zoning ordinance?

___ Yes ___ No"

(f) Upon a majority vote of the voters voting in favor of replacing a non-traditional zoning ordinance with a zoning ordinance, the governing body shall immediately begin the process of adopting and enacting a zoning ordinance, in accordance with the provisions of chapter eight-a of this code. The governing body has a maximum of three years from the date of the election to adopt a zoning ordinance.

(g) The governing body may amend its nontraditional zoning ordinance during the process of adopting and enacting a zoning ordinance.

(h) If a majority of the voters reject replacing the nontraditional zoning ordinance with a zoning ordinance, the affected voters may not petition for a vote on the issue for at least two years from the date of the election.

(i) Nothing in this section shall prevent a governing body from amending its zoning ordinance in accordance with this chapter.

ARTICLE 8. BOARD OF ZONING APPEALS.

PART I. BOARD OF ZONING APPEALS.

§8A-8-1. Board of zoning appeals authorized.

If a governing body adopts a zoning ordinance, then as part of that zoning ordinance it shall create a board of zoning appeals to hear appeals on zoning issues.

§8A-8-2. Continuation of established boards of zoning appeals.

A board of zoning appeals established prior to the effective date of this chapter shall continue to operate as though established under the terms of this chapter. All actions lawfully taken under prior acts are hereby validated and continued in effect until amended or repealed by action taken under the authority of this chapter.

§8A-8-3. Municipal board of zoning appeals.

(a) A municipal board of zoning appeals shall have five members to be appointed by the governing body of the municipality.

(b) The members of a municipal board of zoning appeals must be:

(1) Residents of the municipality for at least three years preceding his or her appointment;

(2) Cannot be a member of the municipal planning commission; and

(3) Cannot hold any other elective or appointive office in the municipal government.

(c) Upon the creation of a board of zoning appeals, the members shall be appointed for the following terms: One for a term of one year; two for a term of two years; and two for a term of three years. The terms shall expire on the first day of January of the first, second and third year, respectively, following their appointment. Thereafter, members shall serve three-year terms. If a vacancy occurs, the governing body of the municipality shall appoint a member for the unexpired term.

(d) The governing body of the municipality may appoint up to three additional members to serve as alternate members of the municipal board of zoning appeals. The alternate members must meet the same eligibility requirements as set out in subsection (b) of this section. The term for an alternate member is three years. The governing body of the municipality may appoint alternate members on a staggered term schedule.

(e) An alternate member shall serve on the board when one of the regular members is unable to serve. The alternate member shall serve until a final determination is made in the matter to which the alternate member was initially called on to serve.

(f) The municipal board of zoning appeals shall establish rules and procedures for designating an alternate member. An alternate member shall have the same powers and duties of a regular board member.

(g) The members and alternate members of a county board of zoning appeals shall serve without compensation, but shall be reimbursed for all reasonable and necessary expenses actually incurred in the performance of their official duties.

§8A-8-4. County board of zoning appeals.

(a) A county board of zoning appeals shall have five members to be appointed by the governing body of the county.

(b) The members of a county board of zoning appeals must be:

(1) Residents of the county for at least three years preceding his or her appointment;

(2) Cannot be a member of the county planning commission; and

(3) Cannot hold any other elective or appointive office in the county government.

(c) Where only a portion of the county is zoned, the members of the board of zoning appeals for that part of the county that is zoned, must be:

(1) Residents of that part of the county that is zoned for at least three years preceding his or her appointment;

(2) Cannot be a member of the county planning commission; and

(3) Cannot hold any other elective or appointive office in the county government.

(d) Upon the creation of a board of zoning appeals, the members shall be appointed for the following terms: One for a term of one year; two for a term of two years; and two for a term of three years. The terms shall expire on the first day of January of the first, second and third year, respectively, following their appointment. Thereafter, members shall serve three-year terms. If a vacancy occurs, the governing body of the county shall appoint a member for the unexpired term.

(e) The governing body of the county may appoint up to three additional members to serve as alternate members of the county board of zoning appeals. The alternate members must meet the same eligibility requirements as set out in subsection (b) or subsection (c) of this section, as applicable. The term for an alternate member is three years. The governing body of the county may appoint alternate members on a staggered term schedule.

(f) An alternate member shall serve on the board when one of the regular members is unable to serve. The alternate member shall serve until a final determination is made in the matter to which the alternate member was initially called on to serve.

(g) The county board of zoning appeals shall establish rules and procedures for designating an alternate member. An alternate member shall have the same powers and duties of a regular board member.

(h) The members and alternate members of a county board of zoning appeals shall serve without compensation, but shall be reimbursed for all reasonable and necessary expenses actually incurred in the performance of their official duties.

§8A-8-5. Board of zoning appeals meetings.

(a) A board of zoning appeals shall meet quarterly and may meet more frequently at the written request of the chairperson or by two or more members.

(b) Notice for a special meeting must be in writing, include the date, time and place of the special meeting, and be sent to all members at least two days before the special meeting.

(c) Written notice of a special meeting is not required if the date, time and place of the special meeting were set in a regular meeting.

§8A-8-6. Quorum.

A board of zoning appeals must have quorum to conduct a meeting. A majority of the members of a board of zoning appeals is a quorum. No action of a board is official unless authorized by a majority of the members present at a regular or properly called special meeting.

§8A-8-7. Officers.

At its first regular meeting each year, a board of zoning appeals shall elect a chairperson and vice chairperson from its membership. The vice chairperson shall have the power and authority to act as chairperson during the absence or disability of the chairperson.

§8A-8-8. Governing body's duties.

The county commission in the case of a county board of zoning appeals, and the governing body of the municipality in the case of a municipal board of zoning appeals, shall provide the board of zoning appeals with:

(1) Suitable offices for the holding of meetings and the preservation of plans, maps, documents and accounts; and

(2) Appropriate money to defray the reasonable expenses of the board.

§8A-8-9. Powers and duties of board of zoning appeals.

A board of zoning appeals has the following powers and duties:

(1) Hear, review and determine appeals from an order, requirement, decision or determination made by an administrative official or board charged with the enforcement of a zoning ordinance or rule and regulation adopted pursuant thereto;

(2) Authorize exceptions to the district rules and regulations only in the classes of cases or in particular situations, as specified in the zoning ordinance;

(3) Hear and decide conditional uses of the zoning ordinance upon which the board is required to act under the zoning ordinance;

(4) Authorize, upon appeal in specific cases, a variance to the zoning ordinance;

(5) Reverse, affirm or modify the order, requirement, decision or determination appealed from and have all the powers and authority of the official or board from which the appeal was taken;

(6) Adopt rules and regulations concerning:

(A) The filing of appeals, including the process and forms for the appeal;

(B) Applications for variances and conditional uses;

(D) The conduct of hearings necessary to carry out the board's duties under the terms of this article;

(7) Keep minutes of its proceedings;

(8) Keep an accurate and complete audio record of all the board's proceedings and official actions and keep the audio record in a safe manner, which audio record is accessible within twenty-four hours of demand, for three years;

(9) Record the vote on all actions taken;

(10) Take responsibility for the custody and preservation of all papers and documents of the board. All minutes and records shall be filed in the office of the board and shall be public records;

(11) With consent from the governing body, hire employees necessary to carry out the duties and responsibilities of the board: Provided, That the governing body sets the salaries; and

(12) Supervise the fiscal affairs and responsibilities of the board.

PART II. APPEAL PROCESS TO BOARD OF ZONING APPEALS.

§8A-8-10. Appeal to board of zoning appeals.

(a) An appeal from any order, requirement, decision or determination made by an administrative official or board charged with the enforcement of a zoning ordinance, or rule and regulation adopted pursuant to a zoning ordinance, shall be filed with the board of zoning appeals.

(b) The appeal shall:

(1) Specify the grounds of the appeal;

(2) Be filed within thirty days of the original order, requirement, decision or determination made by an administrative official or board charged with the enforcement of a zoning ordinance; and

(3) Be on a form prescribed by the board.

(c) Upon request of the board of zoning appeals, the administrative official or board shall transmit all documents, plans and papers constituting the record of the action from which the appeal was taken.

§8A-8-11. Notice and hearing of appeal.

(a) Within ten days of receipt of the appeal by the board of zoning appeals, the board shall set a time for the hearing of the appeal and give notice. The hearing on the appeal must be held within forty-five days of receipt of the appeal by the board.

(b) At least fifteen days prior to the date set for the hearing on the appeal, the board of zoning appeals shall publish a notice of the date, time and place of the hearing on the appeal as a Class I legal advertisement in compliance with the provisions of article three, chapter fifty-nine of this code, and written notice shall be given to the interested parties. The publication area shall be the area covered in the appeal.

(c) The board of zoning appeals may require the party taking the appeal to pay for the cost of public notice and written notice to interested parties.

(d) At the hearing, any party may appear in person, by agent or by an attorney licensed to practice in this state.

(e) Every decision by the board must be in writing and state findings of fact and conclusions of law on which the board based its decision. If the board fails to provide findings of fact and conclusions of law adequate for decision by the circuit court, and as a result of the failure, the circuit court returns an appealed matter to the board and dismisses jurisdiction over an applicant's appeal without deciding the matter, whether the court returns the matter with or without restrictions, the board shall pay any additional costs for court filing fees, service of process and reasonable attorneys' fees required to permit the person appealing the board's decision to return the matter to the circuit court for completion of the appeal.

§8A-8-12. Stays; exception.

When an appeal has been filed with the board of zoning appeals, all proceedings and work on the premises in question shall be stayed, unless the official or board from where the appeal was taken certifies in writing to the board of zoning appeals, that a stay would cause imminent peril to life or property. If the written certification is filed, proceedings or work on the premises shall not be stayed. Nothing in this section prevents obtaining a restraining order.

ARTICLE 9. APPEAL PROCESS.

§8A-9-1. Petition for writ of certiorari.

(a) Every decision or order of the planning commission, board of subdivision and land development appeals, or board of zoning appeals is subject to review by certiorari.

(b) Within thirty days after a decision or order by the planning commission, board of subdivision and land development appeals, or board of zoning appeals, any aggrieved person may present to the circuit court of the county in which the affected premises are located, a duly verified petition for a writ of certiorari setting forth:

(1) That the decision or order by the planning commission, board of subdivision and land development appeals, or board of zoning appeals is illegal in whole or in part; and

(2) Specify the grounds of the alleged illegality.

§8A-9-2. Notice to adverse parties.

(a) Upon filing a petition for a writ of certiorari with the clerk of the circuit court of the county in which the affected premises are located, the petitioner shall cause a notice to be issued and served by the sheriff of the county upon:

(1) The adverse party, as shown by the record of the appeal in the office of the planning commission, board of subdivision and land development appeals, or board of zoning appeals; and

(2) The chairperson or secretary of the planning commission, board of subdivision and land development appeals, or board of zoning appeals, as applicable.

(b) The adverse party is any property owner appearing at the hearing before the planning commission, board of subdivision and land development appeals, or board of zoning appeals in opposition to the petitioner.

(c) If the record shows a written document containing the names of more than three property owners opposing the request of the petitioner, then the petitioner is required to cause notice to be issued and served upon the three property owners whose names first appear upon the written document. Notice to the other parties named in the written document is not required.

(d) The notice shall:

(1) State that a petition for a writ of certiorari has been filed in the circuit court of the county asking for a review of the decision or order of the planning commission, board of subdivision and land development appeals, or board of zoning appeals;

(2) Designate the affected premises; and

(3) Specify the date of the decision or order that is the subject of the petition for a writ of certiorari.

(e) Service of the notice by the sheriff on the chairperson or secretary of the planning commission, board of subdivision and land development appeals, or board of zoning appeals shall constitute notice to the commission or boards. Service of the notice by the sheriff to the governing body and to any official or board thereof charged with the enforcement of the subdivision and land development ordinance, subdivision or land development plan and plat, or zoning ordinance. No further summons or notice with reference to the filing of such petition shall be necessary.

(f) As an alternative to the requirements for notice prescribed in the preceding subsections of this section, Notice is sufficient upon a showing that the chairperson or secretary of the planning commission, board of subdivision and land development appeals, or board of zoning appeals and all adjacent landowners to the affected premises have received personal service of process of the notice containing information as required in subsection (d) of this section. As to all other interested parties, notice shall be sufficient if notice containing information as required in subsection (d) of this section, is published as a Class III-0 legal advertisement, in the county or counties wherein the affected premises are located.

§8A-9-3. Court action on petition.

(a) Within twenty days after a petition for a writ of certiorari is presented, the planning commission, board of subdivision and land development appeals, or board of zoning appeals must show the circuit court, or a judge in vacation, of the county in which the affected premises are located, cause why a writ of certiorari should not be issued.

(b) If the planning commission, board of subdivision and land development appeals, or board of zoning appeals fails to show the court or judge that a writ should not be issued, then the court or judge may allow a writ of certiorari directed to the planning commission, board of subdivision and land development appeals, or board of zoning appeals.

(c) The writ shall prescribe the time in which a return shall be made to it. This time shall be not less than ten days from the date of issuance of the writ and may be extended by the court or judge.

§8A-9-4. Stay of work on allowance of writ.

(a) The allowance of the writ of certiorari shall not stay proceedings or work on the premises affected by the decision or order to be brought up for review.

(b) The court or judge may, upon application and on notice to all parties to the decision or order and on due cause shown, grant such relief as the circumstances of the case may require, including an order staying the proceedings or work until final determination of the case by the court or judge.

(c) The staying order may be issued by the court or judge without requiring the petitioner to enter into a written undertaking with the adverse party or parties affected thereby for the payment of damages by reason of such staying order.

§8A-9-5. Return to writ.

(a) The return to the writ of certiorari by the planning commission, board of subdivision and land development appeals, or board of zoning appeals must concisely set forth the pertinent facts and data and present material to show the grounds of the decision or order appealed. The return must be verified by the secretary of the planning commission, board of subdivision and land development appeals, or board of zoning appeals.

(b) The planning commission, board of subdivision and land development appeals, or board of zoning appeals does not have to return the original papers acted upon by it. It shall be sufficient to return certified copies of all or such portion of the papers as may be called for by the writ.

§8A-9-6. Action by circuit court or judge.

(a) The court or judge may consider and determine the sufficiency of the allegations of illegality contained in the petition without further pleadings and may make a determination and render a judgment with reference to the legality of the decision or order of the planning commission, board of subdivision and land development appeals, or board of zoning appeals on the facts set out in the petition and return to the writ of certiorari.

(b) If it appears to the court or judge that testimony is necessary for the proper disposition of the matter, the court or judge may take evidence to supplement the evidence and facts disclosed by the petition and return to the writ of certiorari, but no such review shall be by trial de novo.

(c) In passing upon the legality of the decision or order of the planning commission, board of subdivision and land development appeals, or board of zoning appeals, the court or judge may reverse, affirm or modify, in whole or in part, the decision or order.

§8A-9-7. Appeal from final judgment of circuit court or judge.

An appeal may be taken to the West Virginia supreme court of appeals from the final judgment of the court or judge reversing, affirming or modifying the decision or order of the planning commission, board of subdivision and land development appeals, or board of zoning appeals within the same time, in the same manner, and upon the same terms, conditions and limitations as appeals in other civil cases.

ARTICLE 10. ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS.

§8A-10-1. Enforcement.

The governing body of a municipality or county may:

(1) Enforce penalties, set out in section two of this article, for failure to comply with the provisions of any ordinance or rule and regulation adopted pursuant to the provisions of this chapter;

and

(2) Declare that any buildings erected, raised or converted, or land or premises used in violation of any provision of any ordinance or rule and regulation adopted under the authority of this chapter shall be a common nuisance and the owner of the building, land or premises shall be liable for maintaining a common nuisance.

§8A-10-2. Penalty.

A person who violates any provision of this chapter is guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction, shall be fined not le